Teachers’ Burnout in Polytechnics of State of Uttar Pradesh in India and its Analysis

Scholarly Technical Education Publication Series (STEPS) Vol. 2

---

Teachers’ Burnout in Polytechnics of State of Uttar Pradesh in India and its Analysis

---

Author:

Suresh K. Dhameja
Professor and Head of Entrepreneurship Development and Industrial Coordination Department
National Institute of Technical Teachers’ Training and Research (NITTTR) Chandigarh, India
Email: [email protected]

Varun Singh
Assistant Professor in Mechanical Engineering
College of Engineering, Sciences and Technology, Lucknow, UP, India
Email: [email protected]

Abstract

The state of Uttar Pradesh is the largest and most populous state in India and being the biggest state, it has its own set of problems with the polytechnic teachers reporting to school with lack of enthusiasm coupled with stress and burnout affecting the teaching learning process. It was, thus, necessary to conduct a research study with an objective of investigating the level and the relationship of Burnout and Job satisfaction of polytechnics teachers in Uttar Pradesh. A descriptive and corelational method of research was used in conducting the study. The sample for the study consisted of teachers working at different level in seven co-educational and two girls’ polytechnics of the state. The tools used in the study were Burnout Inventory and Job satisfaction scale. Hypotheses were formulated and tested. It was found that there is a significant relationship between teacher burnout and job satisfaction amongst the polytechnic teachers. More conclusions have been drawn as a result of the study and a set of recommendations have been put forward for the heads of the polytechnics, administrators of technical education and the government in general.

Key Words: Teacher burnout, Job satisfaction

---

Introduction

Polytechnics are technical institutions offering courses and programs in the field of engineering and technology at diploma and post diploma levels for producing technician engineers. These institutions have to play a key role in industrial restructuring on the technology dimension by training and retraining and continuous development of quality technician engineers required by the industry. The polytechnics must build excellence by improving its quality, effectiveness, equity, efficiency and culture (Malhotra et.al, 1993). This would call for greater responsibility on the part of teachers who work in these institutions and therefore their satisfaction is of paramount importance.

Of particular concern is the impact of teachers’ stress and burnout on the teaching process itself especially in polytechnics with preponderance of disadvantaged students who can ill-afford deterioration in teacher's motivation and commitment. The consequences of teacher burnout extend beyond dissatisfaction or tension, as burnout appears to be a main factor in teachers’ decision to leave the profession in many countries. Thus, measuring the levels of burnout in the educational context is necessary in case we wish to employ preventive and restorative strategies to tackle the phenomenon early. It is in this context that such a study for the polytechnic teachers in the largest state of India, namely Uttar Pradesh was conceived and conducted.

Objectives of the Study

• To investigate the level of Burnout and Job satisfaction of teachers in polytechnics of Uttar Pradesh
• To investigate the relationship of Burnout with Job satisfaction of teachers in polytechnics of Uttar Pradesh
• To investigate the relationship of age and experience with burnout of teachers in polytechnics of Uttar Pradesh
• To investigate the difference in burnout of male and female teachers
• To investigate the difference in burnout of teachers teaching engineering and non-engineering subjects

Hypotheses

Five hypotheses were formulated for the study:

1. There is no significant relationship between teacher burnout and job satisfaction in Polytechnics of Uttar Pradesh.
2. There is no significant relation between age and burnout; and between experience and burnout among teachers in the polytechnics of Uttar Pradesh.
3. There is no significant relationship between job satisfaction and age; and job satisfaction and experience of teachers working in the polytechnics of Uttar Pradesh.
4. There is no significant difference between burnout of male and female teachers of Polytechnics of Uttar Pradesh.
5. More of the non-engineering teachers in the polytechnics of Uttar Pradesh are burnout than engineering teachers.

Methods and Procedure

Research Design

Since the study was concerned with determining relationships of burnout with job satisfaction, age, gender, experience and discipline of teaching; a descriptive and corelational method of research was used in conducting the study.

Sample

The sample of the study consisted of gazetted teaching staff, working at the level of lecturers, Senior Lecturers, HODs and Principals working in the 7 co-educational and 2 girls polytechnics of Uttar Pradesh. A sample of 160 teachers, both male and female, was selected based on convenience sampling out of about 236 teachers working in these 9 polytechnics of Uttar Pradesh.

The teachers constituting the sample possess M.E., B.E., B.Sc. (Tech.) or equivalent, Diploma Technical Teaching (TTTI) or M.A./M.Sc./M.Com. qualifications. The sample included teachers in the age up to 30 years, (58 No.); more than 30 to 45 years (58 No.); and above 45 years (44 No.); male teachers (132 No.); and female teachers (28 No.); 1 to 5 years of experience (52 No.); more than 5 to 15 years of experience (59) and above 15 years of experience (49 No.); engineering discipline teachers (128 No.); and non-engineering discipline teachers (32 No.).

Table 1 shows the breakup of the sample taken for the study:

Table 1: Break-up of Sample

Tools Used

The following tools were used for the study:

• Burnout Inventory (1986), developed and standardized by Menon and Dutt (1996) on the lines of Meshach Burnout Inventory, was used to measure teacher’s burnout
• Job satisfaction scale, developed by Chandel (1978) was used to measure job satisfaction of teachers.
• An information schedule was prepared to gather the data related to age, sex, experience, qualifications, marital status, designation, discipline of teaching etc.

Description of Tools

(I) Burnout Inventory by Menon and Dutt (1996):

Burnout Inventory by Menon and Dutt (1996), prepared on the lines of Meshach Burnout Inventory (MBI 1986), was used to measure teacher burnout. This questionnaire consisted of 40 statements (out of which 28 statements are worded in positive direction and 12 statements are worded in negative direction). The total score is the summation of all the positive and negative items score. The minimum score obtained can be zero and maximum 240 and other scores ranging in between. In data processing all items shall be scored so that a high score on the burnout scale would indicate a higher level of self reported burnout. Reliability obtained for the whole burnout scale by test- retest method was 0.82.

(II) Teacher’s Job Satisfaction Scale by Chandel (1978):

Teachers’ job satisfaction scale by Chandel was developed in the Indian situation for people engaged in different jobs. The scale was planned for self administering individual or group test. It was constructed keeping in view three aspects (1) Personal (2) Job related (3) Social.

The scale consisted of 24 items covering the vast areas of job satisfaction or dissatisfaction. The reliability of the test as a whole had been reported as +0.942 which was based on the test-retest method. This value of reliability must be treated as fairly high. Item wise test-retest correlations were found to be between +0.621 and +0.950. All the values of the co-efficient of correlation were significant at 0.01 level of significance. It was found that the scale had good face validity and content validity. In cross validity it was found that relationship between the two groups (from two populations) had +0.69 which means that the relationship between the results or the two situations was positive and high.

(III) Information schedule:

An information schedule was designed to elicit the requisite information i.e. name, sex, age, marital status, present designation, details of promotion, educational qualifications, total years of teaching experience, number of years of industrial experience, if any, and, address.

Statistical Analysis of Data:

Descriptive Statistics:

Mean (M), median (Md), mode (Mo) and standard deviation (SD) were computed to study the general nature of data with respect to Burn-out score and Job-Satisfaction score. Skew- ness (SK) and Kurtosis (Ku) were also worked out to see the trend of departure of the sample distribution from the normal probability curve.

Inferential Statistics

Co-efficient of correlation (r) and t-test were also computed to test the hypotheses.

Description of Data

The descriptive statistics were used to identify the preliminary characteristics of the respondents. Based on the data below, the average burnout scores of the respondents is 49.35 which suggest a medium burnout coefficient. Job satisfaction, with an average value of 89.24, is relatively on a higher percentile. The average age of the respondents are quite high (approximately 37 years) and has been in the teaching profession for an average of 12 years. The data is skewed to the positive side, which suggests that there is a high perception on job satisfaction and a higher tendency of burnout scores. Table 4 illustrates the data.

Table 4: Values of Descriptive Statistics

Burnout Variable:

For the burnout variable, the value of mean and median showed a departure from each other. The value of standard deviation (24.794) represented the scattered scores from mean position. Therefore, the burnout in different teachers was different. The value of the skewness (0.452) however did not exceed the acceptable limits at 0.01 level of significance, but slightly positively skewed at 0.05 level of significance. The curve was positively skewed to the right meaning thereby the amount of variation in the burnout among the people having burnout more than the mean is high. The value of kurtosis (0.313) was well within safe limits at 0.01 level of significance showing a mesokurtic distribution for variable of burnout. Therefore, the burnout variable followed normal distribution meaning thereby that while some of the teachers were highly burnout and some were least burnout, the majority were average burnout.

Job Satisfaction Variable:

The value of mean and median was slightly different from each other for the variable of job-satisfaction. The value of skew ness (-0.342) and Kurtosis (0.313) however did not exceed the acceptable limits at 0.05 level of significance, thereby showing a mesokurtic distribution for this variable. Thus, the job satisfaction variable followed normal distribution curve, meaning thereby that some of the teachers were highly satisfied, some were least satisfied but the majority had average job satisfaction.

Age Variable:

The value of mean and median was different from each other for the variable of age. The values of skewness (1.906) is significant at 0.01 level of significance, thereby showing skewed and mesokurtic (ku = 0.313) distribution for this variable. The amount of variation in age among the teachers having age more than the mean was high.

Teaching Experience:

The value of mean and median was different from each other for the variable of teaching experience. Value of skewness (1.276) is however, significant at 0.01 level of significance, thereby showing a skewed and mesokurtic (0.313) distribution for this variable.

To conclude, the value of mean, median, standard deviation, skewness and kurtosis for the various variables did not show large variations and there was not much departure from normality. Thus, the data can be considered appropriate for computing further statistical analysis.

Analysis of Data and Discussion of Results

Here the product moment correlation computed between variables of burnout and job satisfaction; burnout and age; burnout and teaching experience; job satisfaction and age; job satisfaction and teaching experience; and age and teaching experience have been presented and statistically significant results have been discussed. The values of ‘t’ have been computed to determine the significant difference in burnout among different age groups and different teaching experience. The values of product moment correlations are given in Table 5

Table 5: Product Moment Correlations

Interpretation and Discussion of Results of Correlations:

Burnout and Job Satisfaction:

The co-efficient of correlation between burnout and job satisfaction was found to be negatively significant (-0.532) at 0.01 level: thus; burnout has negative and significant relationship with job satisfaction. Hence, the hypothesis that there is no significant relationship between burnout and job satisfaction stands rejected. The studies conducted by David (1990) and Sadek (1991) also support the above finding. The teachers who have no difficulty in adjusting to the work environment feel satisfied and are less burnout. As the job satisfaction declines; burnout increases.

Ogresta et al. (2008) in their study also examined the correlation between burnout and job satisfaction dimensions and found that burnout syndrome dimensions were significantly correlated with the work climate satisfaction. While emotional exhaustion and depersonalization were moderately correlated with work climate satisfaction, personal accomplishment and work climate satisfaction were correlated to a low but significant degree.

Burnout and Age:

The value of correlation (-0.085) shows a negative but insignificant relationship between burnout and age. This means the extent of burnout is same irrespective of differences in age. Hence; the hypothesis that there is no significant relationship between burnout and age stands retained. The results are in line with the findings of a study by Randall (2007) who in his study involving a sample of 340 Anglican clergy in England and Wales concluded that the age is negatively correlated with the emotional exhaustion and depersonalization subscales of burnout.

Burnout and Teaching Experience:

The value of correlation (-0.094) shows a negative but insignificant relationship between burnout and teaching experience. This means the extent of burnout remains the same irrespective of differences in teaching experience. Hence, the hypothesis that, there is no significant relationship between teaching and burnout stands accepted. The findings are similar to a study by Bayani et.al. (2013) who found no difference in burnout between teachers with less teaching experience and teacher with more teaching experience.

Job Satisfaction and Age:

The value of correlation (0.158) shows a positive and significant relationship between job satisfaction and age at 0.05 level. This means that age has positive and significant relationship with job satisfaction therefore; the hypothesis that there is no relationship between job satisfaction and age stands rejected.

This finding is supported by the findings of David (1990) and Sadek (1991). A major reason for high job satisfaction of older teachers is their adjustment to the work environment and feeling of satisfaction; whereas the younger teachers find difficulty in adjusting to the work environment.

Job Satisfaction and Teaching Experience:

The value of correlation (0.158) shows positive and significant relationship between job satisfaction and teaching experience at 0.05 level. This means that the more the teaching experiences a teacher has the more the job satisfaction he enjoys. Hence, the hypothesis stating no positive and significant relationship between job and teaching experience satisfaction stands rejected.

The finding is supported by Fisher (2011) who in his study examined the stress, burnout, satisfaction, and preventive coping skills of nearly 400 secondary teachers to determine variables contributing to these major factors influencing teachers. It was found that the burnout levels between new and experienced teachers are significantly different, with novice teachers having higher burnout. The experienced persons generally gain better position and scope to exercise their power and ability in decision making; so they enjoy better job satisfaction.

Computation of Significance of Difference between Means (T-Test)

In order to draw statistically significant inference and to test hypotheses t-tests were computed to determine the effect of age, gender, teaching experience and discipline of teaching on burnout of teachers. Values of ‘t’ are given in Table 6.

Table 6: ‘t’ ratios of means of burnout scores in different groups

Interpretation and Discussion of Results:

The T−ratio for burnout of age group II and III was found to be significant (1.993) at 0.05 level of significance. This means teachers in age group II (i.e. 31 to 45 years of age) were more burnout than those in the age group III (above 45 yrs). The finding is supported by findings of Sadek (1991) which states that there is indeed a higher tendency for the younger faculty to experience burnout than those in the profession for many years. To keep the burnout level low of the teachers in age group II (31 to 45 yrs), government/administrators should initiate necessary steps, so that the teachers should not have any stress in adjusting to the work environment and feel satisfied. Steps may be giving promotion and other benefits in time; ensuring good work environment etc.

The t-ratio for burnout of male and female teachers was found to be insignificant (1.168) indicating that both male and female teachers are equally burnout while the t-ratio for burnout of teachers with different experiences were found to be insignificant (0.714, 0.838 and 1.436) indicating that the teachers with different experiences are also experiencing equal levels of burnout. Meanwhile, the t-ratio for burnout of engineering discipline and non-engineering discipline was found to be insignificant (0.446). Here, the teachers teaching both engineering and non-engineering disciplines are also experiencing the same levels of burnout, as both are working in the same environment.

Conclusion

On the basis of findings of the study, it can be concluded that:

• There is a significantrelationship between teacher burnout and job satisfaction in polytechnics of Uttar Pradesh.
• A significant and positive relationship was found between job satisfaction and age. Similar correlations were also observed between job satisfaction and experience, and between age and experience.
• The significance of difference in experiences in burnout of teachers with different teaching experiences was found to be insignificant.
• It was found that there is no significant difference in burnout between burnout of male and female teacher of polytechnics of Uttar Pradesh.
• The significance of difference between means of burnout of engineering teachers and non engineering teachers was found to be insignificant. Here also both are equally burnout, as both are working in same work environment.

Recommendations

• Since the younger teachers tend to be more dissatisfied than their older peers. There is a need to increase job satisfaction of younger and newly appointed teachers by making the teaching profession more attractive and lucrative. Proper facilities and guidance should be provided to encourage these teachers to stay on their jobs for a long time. They should also be assured of timely promotional opportunities and greater degree of freedom in decision making.
• Lack of leadership qualities amongst the top management often results in job dissatisfaction and consequently burnout amongst the teachers for want of clear direction. It is in this context that it is recommended that the administrators of technical education should provide management training programs to the principals to develop in them the qualities of leadership.
• Administrators of technical education institutions should also have periodic psychological examinations during the service period of teachers. The Government should set up guidance and counseling centers in the polytechnics to deal with emotional problems of the teachers.
• The Principal, as head of the institution, should initiate action to lead the teachers towards achievement of educational goals. He/She must infuse trust among the teachers and develop a warm and friendly relationship with them, which can lead to high job satisfaction among teachers. Principals should take steps to eliminate or reduce factors that result in teacher’s disengagement. This view is also supported by a study conducted by Raj, Tilak and Lalita (2013) who found that the level of satisfaction between both the government and private school teachers is low regarding “opinion counts in the organization”. The authors of the study recommend that, “authorities should arrange regular formal meetings with teachers to consider their suggestions and also try to value it”.
• In increasing job satisfaction and reducing ‘burnout’, the principal should encourage and promote social activities among teachers. The institutions can have social clubs with facilities for indoor and outdoor games for teachers and their families. A free, fair and open climate in the institute can certainly result in higher educational achievements and higher job satisfaction and low burnout among teachers.
• Appreciation and recognition of teachers’ achievements should be ensured. State awards should be instituted for teachers whose students excel in their respective subjects in the state council examinations.
• The government should provide staff development incentives for teachers. Scholarships should be given and teachers must be motivated to enhance their education by giving study leaves and/or paid study leaves where necessary. Teachers, who improve their educational qualification, should be recognized through award of increments or promotion.
• Education administrators (i.e. Director, Secretary and Commissioner) must visit the polytechnics on regular basis to make personal contact with the teachers to encourage them and to alleviate their genuine grievances.

References

1. Bayani Ali Asghar, Hossein Bagheri, Ali Bayani (2013), Influence of Gender, Age, and Years of teaching experience on Burnout, Scholars Research Library; ISSN 0976-1233, Annals of Biological Research, 4 (4):239-243
2. Chukwuemeka, S.M. (1990), ‘An Examination of Teacher Stress and Burnout concerning Teachers’ Opinion towards Teaching as a Profession’, Dissertation Abstract Int. Vol .51, No.6 , pp.1865
3. David, C.S. (1990), ‘An Analysis of Stress, Burnout and Job Satisfaction among Respiratory Care Practitioners in Georgia’, Dissertation Abstract Vol .51, No.3, pp.831
4. Farber, B.A. (1991), ‘Crisis in Education: Stress and Burnout in the American Teacher’, Jossey–bass Social and Behavioral Science Series, San Francisco
5. Fisher, M. H. (2011). Factors Influencing Stress, Burnout, and Retention of Secondary Teachers: Current Issues in Education, 14(1). Retrieved from http://cie.asu.edu/
6. Malhotra, M.M., Subramanian, R., Krishnamurthy, S and Dhir, BM. (1993), ‘Towards Excellence in Polytechnic Education – Perspectives for the Year 2000 and Beyond’, TTTI Chandigarh
7. Maslach, C. & Jackson, S.E. (1986). Maslach Burnout Inventory: Second Edition. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press
8. Maslach, C. (2011). Burnout and engagement in the workplace: New perspectives. European Health Psychologist, 13 (3), 44-47
9. Mulkins, M.T. (1991), ‘An Assessment of Academic Stress and Burnout’, Dissertation Abstract Int (A), Vol. 51 No.8, pp. 2651
10. . Ogresta Jelena, Silvia Rusac, Lea Zorec ( 2008), Relation Between Burnout Syndrome and Job Satisfaction Among Mental Health Workers, Journal of Public Health, Croat Med J. 2008; 49:364-74
11. Raj, Tilak; and Lalita (2013), Job Satisfaction among Teachers of Private and Government Schools: A Comparative Analysis, International Journal of Social Science & Interdisciplinary Research, ISSN 2277 3630 IJSSIR, Vol. 2 (9)
12. Randall, Kelvin J. (2007), Examining the relationship between burnout and age among Anglican clergy in England and Wales, Journal on Mental Health, Religion & Culture, Volume 10, Issue 1, pages 39-46
13. Sadek S.A. (1991), ‘Stress Job Satisfaction and Burnout of Waivered/ Bilingual and English only Teachers’, Dissertation Abstract Vol. 52 No.3, pp.745